75.160.30 (Gaseous fuels) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D7607/D7607M-11e1 分析气体燃料中氧的标准试验方法(电化学传感器法)

5.1 This test method is primarily used to monitor the concentration of oxygen in gases to verify gas quality for operational needs and contractual obligations. Oxygen content is a major factor influencing internal corrosion, fuel quality, gas quality, and user and operator safety. 1.1 This test method is for the determination of oxygen (O2) in gaseous fuels and fuel type gases. It is applicable to the measurement of oxygen in natural gas and other gaseous fuels. This method can be used to measure oxygen in helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, mixed gases, process gases, and ambient air. The applicable range is 0.1 ppm(v) to 25% by volume. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Oxygen in Gaseous Fuels (Electrochemical Sensor Method)

ASTM D1837-11 测定液化石油气(LP)挥发性的标准试验方法

Volatility, expressed in terms of the 95 % evaporated temperature of the product, is a measure of the amount of least volatile components present in the product. Coupled with a vapor pressure limit, it serves to ensure essentially single-component products in the cases of commercial grades of propane and butane. When volatility is coupled with a vapor pressure limit which has been related to density, as in the case of the commercial PB-mixture, the combination serves to assure essentially two component mixtures for such fuels. When coupled with a proper vapor pressure limit, this measurement serves to assure that special-duty propane products will be composed chiefly of propane and propylene and that propane will be the major constituent.1.1 This test method is a measure of the relative purity of the various types of liquefied petroleum (LP) gases and helps to ensure suitable volatility performance. The test results, when properly related to vapor pressure and density of the product, can be used to indicate the presence of butane and heavier components in propane type LP-gas, and pentane and heavier components in propane-butane and butane type fuels. The presence of hydrocarbon compounds less volatile than those of which the LP-gas is primarily composed is indicated by an increase in the 95 % evaporated temperature. 1.2 When the type and concentration of higher boiling components is required, chromatographic analysis should be used. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases

ASTM D5454-11 使用电子湿度分析仪测定气体燃料中水蒸汽含量的标准试验方法

Water content in fuel gas is the major factor influencing internal corrosion. Hydrates, a semisolid combination of hydrocarbons and water, will form under the proper conditions causing serious operating problems. Fuel heating value is reduced by water concentration. Water concentration levels are therefore frequently measured in natural gas systems. A common pipeline specification is 4 to 7 lb/MMSCF. This test method describes measurement of water vapor content with direct readout electronic instrumentation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water vapor content of gaseous fuels by the use of electronic moisture analyzers. Such analyzers commonly use sensing cells based on phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5, aluminum oxide, Al2O3, or silicon sensors piezoelectric-type cells and laser based technologies. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers

ASTM D5454-11e1 使用电子湿度分析仪测定气体燃料中水蒸汽含量的标准试验方法

Water content in fuel gas is the major factor influencing internal corrosion. Hydrates, a semisolid combination of hydrocarbons and water, will form under the proper conditions causing serious operating problems. Fuel heating value is reduced by water concentration. Water concentration levels are therefore frequently measured in natural gas systems. A common pipeline specification is 4 to 7 lb/MMSCF. This test method describes measurement of water vapor content with direct readout electronic instrumentation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water vapor content of gaseous fuels by the use of electronic moisture analyzers. Such analyzers commonly use sensing cells based on phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5, aluminum oxide, Al2O3, or silicon sensors piezoelectric-type cells and laser based technologies. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels Using Electronic Moisture Analyzers

ASTM D1265-11 液化石油气(LP)手工取样的标准操作规程

Samples of liquefied petroleum gases are examined by various test methods to determine physical and chemical characteristics and conformance with specifications. Equipment described by this practice may be suitable for transportation of LPG samples, subject to applicable transportation regulations.1.1 This practice covers equipment and procedures for obtaining a representative sample of specification Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), such as specified in Specification D1835, GPA 2140, and comparable international standards. 1.2 This practice is suitable for obtaining representative samples for all routine tests for LP gases required by Specification D1835. In the event of a dispute involving sample integrity when sampling for testing against Specification D1835 requirements, Practice D3700 shall be used as the referee sampling procedure. 1.3 This practice may also be used for other Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) products that are normally single phase (NGL mix, field butane, etc.), defined in other industry specifications or contractual agreements. It is not intended for non-specification products that contain significant quantities of undissolved gases (N2, CO2), free water or other separated phases, such as raw or unprocessed gas/liquids mixtures and related materials. The same equipment can be used for these purposes, but additional precautions are generally needed to obtain representative samples of multiphase products (see Appendix X1 on Sampling Guidelines in Practice D3700). Note 18212;Practice D3700 describes a recommended practice for obtaining a representative sample of a light hydrocarbon fluid and the subsequent preparation of that sample for laboratory analysis when dissolved gases are present. Use of Practice D1265 will result in a small but predictable low bias for dissolved gases due to the liquid venting procedure to establish the 20 % minimum ullage. 1.4 This practice includes recommendations for the location of a sample point in a line or vessel. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling point is located so as to obtain a representative sample. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases, Manual Method

ASTM D1835-11 液化石油(LP)气标准规格

1.1 This specification covers those products commonly referred to as liquefied petroleum gases, consisting of propane, propene (propylene), butane, and mixtures of these materials. Four basic types of liquefied petroleum gases are provided to cover the common use applications. 1.2 This specification is applicable to products intended for use as domestic, commercial and industrial heating, and engine fuels. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases

ASTM D7756-11 使用液体,柱上注射气象色谱分析法测定液态石油气残余物的标准试验方法

Control over the residue content as specified in Specification D1835 is of considerable importance in end-use applications of LPG. Oily residue in LPG is contamination which can occur during production, transportation, or storage. This test method is quicker and much more sensitive than manual methods, such as Test Method D2158, which is based on evaporation of large sample volumes followed by visual or gravimetric estimation of residue content. This test method provides enhanced sensitivity in measurements of heavier (oily) residues, with a quantification limit of 10 mg/kg total residue. This test method gives both quantitative results and information about contaminant composition such as boiling point range and fingerprint, which can be very useful in tracing the source of a particular contaminant.1.1 This test method covers the determination, by gas chromatography, of soluble hydrocarbon materials, sometimes called “oily residue,” which can be present in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases and which are substantially less volatile than the LPG product. 1.2 This test method quantifies, in the range of 10 to 600 mg/kg (ppm mass), the residue with a boiling point between 174°C and 522°C (C10 to C40) in LPG. Higher boiling materials, or materials that adhere permanently to the chromatographic column, will not be detected. 1.3 Units8212;The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Residues in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases by Gas Chromatography with Liquid, On-Column Injection

ASTM D6897-09 液化石油气(LPG)蒸汽压力用标准试验方法(膨胀方法)

Information on the vapor pressures of liquefied petroleum gas is pertinent to selection of properly designed storage vessels, shipping containers, and customer utilization equipment to ensure safe handling of these products. Determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gas is important for safety reasons to ensure that the maximum operating design pressures of storage, handling, and fuel systems will not be exceeded under normal operating temperature conditions. For liquefied petroleum gases, vapor pressure can be considered a semi-quantitative measure of the amount of the most volatile material present in the product. This test method uses a small sample volume and excludes any manual handling of a measuring chamber under high pressure.1.1 This test method covers the use of automatic vapor pressure instruments to determine the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gas products at a temperature of 37.8°C, vapor to liquid ratio of 0.5:1, and pressures from 200 to 1550 kPa on a sample volume of 3.33 mL. 1.2 This test method is applicable to the determination of vapor pressures of liquefied petroleum gas products at temperatures from 37.8 to 70°C, vapor to liquid ratios of 0.1:1 to 4:1, and pressures up to 3500 kPa; however, the precision of the test method (see Section 15) has only been determined for a vapor to liquid ratio of 0.5:1, at a temperature of 37.8°C, and a pressure range from 300 to 1500 kPa. Note 18212;This test method is not intended to determine the true vapor pressure of LPG samples, but rather determine and report the vapor pressure of LPG at the 37.8°C temperature and 0.5:1 vapor to liquid ratio as the Test Method D 1267 method. Note 28212;This test method is not a true vapor pressure method and will not measure the full contribution from any dissolved gases such as nitrogen or helium if they are present. The contribution of light gases to the measured vapor pressure is highly dependent on the test temperature, type of gas, and V/L ratio of the test. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Appendix X2.

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (Expansion Method)

ASTM D5287-08 气体燃料的自动抽样的标准实施规程

This practice should be used when and where a representative sample is required. A representative sample is necessary for accurate billing in custody transfer transactions, accurate compositional analysis of the flowing stream, gravity determination for flow calculations and other desired information concerning the properties of the stream contents. This practice is not intended to preempt existing contract agreements or regulatory requirements. Principles pertinent to this practice may be applied in most contractual agreements. Warning8212;Many gages are extremely flammable and can contain toxic substances. Caution should be taken in all aspects of sample collection and handling. Sample vessels should only be handled in well ventilated locations away from sparks and flames. Improper handling can result in an explosion or injury, or both.1.1 This practice covers the collection of gaseous fuels and their synthetic equivalents using an automatic sampler. 1.2 This practice applies only to single-phase gas mixtures. This practice does not address a two-phase stream. 1.3 This practice includes the selection, installation, and maintenance of automatic sampling systems. 1.4 This practice does not include the actual analysis of the acquired sample. Other applicable ASTM standards, such as Test Method D 1945, should be used to acquire that information. 1.5 The selection of the sampling system is dependent on several interrelated factors. These factors include source dynamics, operating conditions, cleanliness of the source gases, potential presence of moisture and hydrocarbon liquids, and trace hazardous components. For clean, dry gas sources, steady source dynamics, and normal operating conditions, the system can be very simple. As the source dynamics become more complex and the potential for liquids increases, or trace hazardous components become present, the complexity of the system selected and its controlling logic must be increased. Similarly, installation, operation, and maintenance procedures must take these dynamics into account. 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Gaseous Fuels

ASTM D4362-08 丙烷的热物理性能表标准规范

1.1 The thermophysical property tables for propane are for use in the calculation of the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT), thermodynamic, and transport properties of propane for process design and operations. Tables are provided for gaseous and liquid propane at temperatures between 90 and 600 K at pressures to 20 MPa. One table provides properties at the conditions of liquid-vapor equilibrium (saturation properties). The other table provides properties at selected T, p points for the equilibrium phase at those conditions. The tables were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from a Standard Reference Database product REFPROP, version 8.0. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Propane Thermophysical Property Tables

ASTM D4651-08 异丁烷热物理性能表的标准规范

1.1 The thermophysical property tables for isobutane are for use in the calculation of the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT), thermodynamic, and transport properties of isobutane for process design and operations. Tables are provided for gaseous and liquid isobutane at temperatures between 120 and 570 K at pressures to 20 MPa. One table provides properties at the conditions of liquid-vapor equilibrium (saturation properties). The other table provides properties at selected T, p points for the equilibrium phase at those conditions. The tables were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from a Standard Reference Database product REFPROP, version 8.0. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Isobutane Thermophysical Property Tables

ASTM D5504-08 用气相色谱和化学发光法测定天然气和气体燃料中硫化物含量的标准试验方法

Many sources of natural and petroleum gases contain sulfur compounds that are odorous, corrosive, and poisonous to catalysts used in gaseous fuel processing. Low ppm amounts of sulfur odorants are added to natural gas and LP gases for safety purposes. Some odorants are unstable and react to form compounds having lower odor thresholds. Quantitative analysis of these odorized gases ensures that odorant injection equipment is performing to specification. Although not intended for application to gases other than natural gas and related fuels, this test method has been successfully applied to fuel type gases including refinery, landfill, cogeneration, and sewage digester gas. Refinery, landfill, sewage digester and other related fuel type gases inherently contain volatile sulfur compounds that are subject to federal, state, or local control. The methane fraction of these fuel type gases are occasionally sold to distributors of natural gas. For these reasons, both regulatory agencies and production and distribution facilities may require the accurate determination of sulfur to satisfy regulatory, production or distribution requirements. Fuel gases are also used in energy production or are converted to new products using catalysts that are poisoned by excessive sulfur in the feed gas. Industry frequently requires measurement of sulfur in these fuel type gases to protect their catalyst investments. Analytical Methods8212;Gas chromatography (GC) is commonly used in the determination of fixed gas and organic composition of natural gas (Test Method D 1945). Other standard ASTM methods for the analysis of sulfur in fuel gases include Test Methods D 1072 and D 4468 for total sulfur and Test Methods D 4010 and D 4884 for hydrogen sulfide.1.1 This test method is primarily for the determination of speciated volatile sulfur-containing compounds in high methane content gaseous fuels such as natural gas. It has been successfully applied to other types of gaseous samples including air, digester, landfill, and refinery fuel gas. The detection range for sulfur compounds, reported as picograms sulfur, is ten (10) to one million (1 000 000). This is equivalent to 0.01 to 1 000 mg/m3, based upon the analysis of a 1 cc sample. 1.2 The range of this test method may be extended to higher concentration by dilution or by selection of a smaller sample loop. Note 18212; Dilution will reduce method precision. 1.3 This test method does not purport to identify all sulfur species in a sample. Only compounds that are eluted through the selected column under the chromatographic conditions chosen are determined. The detector response to sulfur is equimolar for all sulfur compounds within the scope (1.1) of this test method. Thus, unidentified compounds are determined with equal precision to that of identified substances. Total sulfur content is determined from the total of individually quantified components. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Chemiluminescence

ASTM D7493-08 用气相色谱法和电化学检测法在线检测天然气和气体燃料中硫化物的标准试验方法

Gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, petroleum gases and bio-gases, contain varying amounts and types of sulfur compounds. These sulfur compounds are generally odorous, corrosive to equipment, and can inhibit or destroy catalysts employed in gas processing and end use, such as those used in fuel cell. Their accurate on-line measurement is essential to gas processing, operation and utilization, and of regulatory interest. Small amounts (typically, total 4-6 PPMv) of sulfur odorants are added to natural gas and other fuel gases for safety purposes. Some sulfur odorants can be reactive, and may be oxidized, forming more stable sulfur compounds having lower odor thresholds. These gaseous fuels are analyzed for sulfur odorants to help in monitoring and to ensure appropriate odorant levels for public safety. This method offers an on-line technique to continuously identify and quantify individual target sulfur species in gaseous fuel with automatic calibration and validation.1.1 This test method is for on-line measurement of volatile sulfur-containing compounds in gaseous fuels by gas chromatography (GC) and electrochemical (EC) detection. The test method is applicable to hydrogen sulfide, C1-C4 mercaptans, sulfides and tetrahydrothiophene (THT). 1.1.1 Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is not covered in this test method. 1.1.2 The detection range for sulfur compounds is approximately from 0.1 to 100 PPMv or 0.1 to 100 mg/m3. The detection range may vary depending on the sample injection volume, chromatographic peak separation and the sensitivity of specific EC detector. 1.2 This test method describes a GC-EC method employing packed GC columns and a specific detector as an illustration for natural gas and other gaseous fuel containing mainly light hydrocarbons. Alternative GC columns, detector designs and instrument parameters may be used for the same analysis or for different types of gaseous fuel, provided that appropriate chromatographic separation and optimal detection of these compounds can be achieved. 1.3 This test method does not intend to identify and measure all individual sulfur species, and is mainly employed for monitoring natural sulfur and sulfur odorant compounds commonly found in fuel gases or employed as an odorous warning agent in fuel gases. 1.4 The test method is normally employed for repetitive on-line monitoring of sulfur components in fuel gases with a single sulfur standard. The test method may be employed for laboratory-quality measurement with more extensive calibration. (See Test Methods D 5504, D 5623, D 6228, D 6968, ISO 19739, ISO 6326-2, and GPA 2199.) 1.5 The test method can be used for measurement of all listed sulfur compounds in air or other gases, provided that no compound, which can interfere with the GC separation and electrochemical detection, is present. 1.6 This test method is written in conjunction with Practices D 5287, D 7165 and D 7166. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Online Measurement of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatograph and Electrochemical Detection

ASTM D4150-08 气体燃料的相关标准术语

1.1 This standard defines the terms used in standards that are the responsiblity of Committee D03 on Gaseous Fuels. These terms are used in: 1.1.1 The sampling of gaseous fuels, 1.1.2 The analysis of gaseous fuels for composition and various other physical properties, and 1.1.3 Other practices related to the processing, transmission, and distribution of gaseous fuels.

Standard Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels

ASTM D3984-08 乙烷热物理性能表的标准规范

1.1 The thermophysical property tables for ethane are for use in the calculation of the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT), thermodynamic, and transport properties of ethane for process design and operations. Tables are provided for gaseous and liquid ethane at temperatures between 92 and 600 K at pressures to 20 MPa. One table provides properties at the conditions of liquid-vapor equilibrium (saturation properties). The other table provides properties at selected T, p points for the equilibrium phase at those conditions. The tables were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from a Standard Reference Database product REFPROP, version 8.0. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Ethane Thermophysical Property Tables

ASTM D4084-07 分析气体燃料中硫化氢的标准试验方法(醋酸铅反应速率法)

This test method is useful in determining the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in gaseous samples and in verifying compliance with operational needs and/or environmental limitations for H2S content. The automated performance operation of this method allows unattended measurement of H2S concentration. The user is referred to Practice D 7166 for unattended on-line use of instrumentation based upon the lead acetate reaction rate method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gaseous fuels. It is applicable to the measurement of H2S in natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), substitute natural gas, landfill gas, sewage treatment off gasses, recycle gas, flare gasses, and mixtures of fuel gases. This method can also be used to measure the hydrogen sulfide concentration in carbon dioxide. Air does not interfere. The applicable range is 0.1 to 16 parts per million by volume (ppm/v) (approximately 0.1 to 22 mg/m3) and may be extended to 100 % H2S by manual or automatic volumetric dilution.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gaseous Fuels (Lead Acetate Reaction Rate Method)

ASTM E2079-07 气体和蒸气中限制的氧(氧化剂)浓度用标准试验方法

Knowledge of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration is needed for safe operation of some chemical processes. This information may be needed in order to start up or operate a reactor while avoiding the creation of flammable gas compositions therein, or to store or ship materials safely. NFPA 69 provides guidance for the practical use of LOC data, including the appropriate safety margin to use. Examples of LOC data applications can be found in references (2, 3, 4). Note 28212;The LOC values reported in references (5, 6, and 7), and relied upon by a number of modern safety standards (such as NFPA 69 and NFPA 86) were obtained mostly in a 5-cm diameter flammability tube. This diameter may be too small to mitigate the flame quenching influence impeding accurate determination of the LOC of most fuels. The 4-L minimum volume specified in Section 7 would correspond to a diameter of at least 20 cm. As a result, some LOC values determined using this standard are approximately 1.5 vol.% lower than the previous values measured in the flammability tube, and are more appropriate for use in fire and explosion hazard assessment studies. Much of the previous literature LOC data (5, 6, 7) were measured in the flammability tube.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration of mixtures of oxygen (oxidant) and inert gases with flammable gases and vapors at a specified initial pressure and initial temperature.1.2 These test methods may also be used to determine the limiting concentration of oxidizers other than oxygen.1.3 Differentiation among the different combustion regimes (such as the hot flames, cool flames and exothermic reactions) is beyond the scope of these test methods.1.4 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and Vapors

ASTM D4084-07(2012) 气体燃料中硫化氢分析的标准试验方法(醋酸铅反应速率法)

1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gaseous fuels. It is applicable to the measurement of H2S in natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), substitute natural gas, landfill gas, sewage treatment off gasses, recycle gas, flare gasses, and mixtures of fuel gases. This method can also be used to measure the hydrogen sulfide concentration in carbon dioxide. Air does not interfere. The applicable range is 0.1 to 16 parts per million by volume (ppm/v) (approximately 0.1 to 22 mg/m3) and may be extended to 1008201;% H2S by manual or automatic volumetric dilution. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gaseous Fuels (Lead Acetate Reaction Rate Method)

ASTM D3956-07 甲烷热物理性能表的标准规范

1.1 The thermophysical property tables for methane are for use in the calculation of the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT), thermodynamic, and transport properties of methane for process design and operations. Tables are provided for gaseous and liquid methane at temperatures between 90 K and 600K at pressures to 20 MPa. One table provides properties at the conditions of liquid-vapor equilibrium (saturation properties). The other table provides properties at selected T, p points for the equilibrium phase at those conditions. The tables were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from a Standard Reference Database product REFPROP, version 7.0.

Standard Specification for Methane Thermophysical Property Tables

ASTM E2079-07(2013) 气体和蒸汽中极限氧40;氧化剂41浓度的标准试验方法

5.1 Knowledge of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration is needed for safe operation of some chemical processes. This information may be needed in order to start up or operate a reactor while avoiding the creation of flammable gas compositions therein, or to store or ship materials safely. NFPA8201;69 provides guidance for the practical use of LOC data, including the appropriate safety margin to use. 5.2 Examples of LOC data applications can be found in references (2-4).Note 2—The LOC values reported in references (5-7), and relied upon by a number of modern safety standards (such as NFPA8201;69 and NFPA 86) were obtained mostly in a 5-cm diameter flammability tube. This diameter may be too small to mitigate the flame quenching influence impeding accurate determination of the LOC of most fuels. The 4-L minimum volume specified in Section 7 would correspond to a diameter of at least 20 cm. As a result, some LOC values determined using this standard are approximately 1.5 vol % lower than the previous values measured in the flammability tube, and are more appropriate for use in fire and explosion hazard assessment studies. 5.3 Much of the previous literature LOC data (5-7) were measured in the flammability tube. 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the limiting oxygen (oxidant) concentration of mixtures of oxygen (oxidant) and inert gases with flammable gases and vapors at a specified initial pressure and initial temperature. 1.2 These test methods may also be used to determine the limiting concentration of oxidizers other than oxygen. 1.3 Differentiation among the different combustion regimes (such as the hot flames, cool flames and exothermic reactions) is beyond the scope of these test methods. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Limiting Oxygen 40;Oxidant41; Concentration in Gases and Vapors